Synthesis, Compositional, Morphological, Structural, and Thermal Properties of Eggshell Calcium Oxide for Solar Photovoltaic Glass

Shaibatu Ibrahim Hassan; Muhammad Sani Umar; Olumide Oluwasanmi Ige

doi:10.62050/ljsir2025.v3n2.589

Authors

Shaibatu Ibrahim Hassan
ishassan11@gmail.com

Directorate of Engineering Infrastructure, National Agency for Science & Engineering Infrastructure (NASENI), Abuja, Nigeria; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Nigerian Defense Academy (NDA), Kaduna, Nigeria
https://orcid.org/0009-0009-4402-3515
Sani Umar Muhammad
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Nigerian Defense Academy (NDA), Kaduna, Nigeria
Olumide Oluwasanmi Ige
Department of Physics, Nigerian Defense Academy (NDA), Kaduna, Nigeria

Keywords:

sustainability , biogenic material , circular economy , eggshell calcium oxide , calcination , eco-friendly , photovoltaic

Abstract

The increasing demand for sustainable materials in engineering applications has prompted the exploration of eco-friendly alternatives. Conventional calcium oxide (CaO) production from limestone is energy-intensive and environmentally detrimental, prompting interest in biogenic alternatives such as poultry eggshell waste, predominantly composed of calcium carbonate. Despite extensive research into eggshell-derived CaO for catalytic and biomedical applications, its potential for photovoltaic glass applications, particularly considering region-specific variations in material properties, has not been adequately investigated. This study comprehensively evaluates CaO extracted from chicken eggshells sourced from Lafia Local Government Area, Nasarawa State, Nigeria, to establish its suitability for photovoltaic glass manufacturing. The extraction process involved thermal calcination at 900 °C for two hours, followed by detailed compositional, morphological, structural, and thermal characterizations using XRF, SEM-EDS, XRD, and TGA techniques. The results demonstrated brilliant white powder with high compositional purity (98.58% CaO), nanoscale spherical morphology conducive to uniform integration in glass matrices, robust crystallinity beneficial for structural stability, and strong thermal resilience crucial for high-temperature processing. These findings highlight eggshell-derived CaO as an economically viable, sustainable, and high-performance alternative for PV glass manufacturing. Further studies are recommended to assess practical integration in PV glass formulations, long-term durability, study of farming systems, and lifecycle economic viability.

Dimensions

REFERENCES

A. Rodriguez-otero, V. Vargas, A. Galarneau, J. Castillo, J. H. Christensen, and B. Bouyssiere, “Sustainable Harnessing of SiO 2 Nanoparticles from Rice Husks : A Review of the Best Synthesis and Applications,” Processes, vol. 11, p. 3373, 2023.

R. J. Egea, “Production and characterization of silica materials from rice husk ash by different combustion processes,” vol. 436, no. January, 2024.

O. Awogbemi, D. V. Von Kallon, and V. S. Aigbodion, “Pathways for Sustainable Utilization of Waste Chicken Eggshell,” J. Renew. Mater., vol. 10, no. 8, pp. 2217–2246, 2022, https://doi.org/10.32604/jrm.2022.019152.

FAO, “Food Wastage: Key Fact and Figure,” Food and Agricultural Organization, 2023.

H. Faridi and A. Arabhosseini, “Application of eggshell wastes as valuable and utilizable products: A review,” Res. Agric. Eng., vol. 64, no. 2, pp. 104–114, 2018, https://doi.org/10.17221/6/2017-RAE.

D. Nath, K. Jangid, A. Susaniya, R. Kumar, and R. Vaish, “Eggshell derived CaO-Portland cement antibacterial composites,” Compos. Part C Open Access, vol. 5, no. November 2020, p. 100123, 2021, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcomc.2021.100123.

E. Ismael et al., “Sustainable recycling of poultry eggshell waste for the synthesis of calcium oxide nanoparticles and evaluating its antibacterial potency against food-borne pathogens,” J. Adv. Vet. Res., vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 130–134, 2024.

R. G. Jalu, T. A. Chamada, and D. R. Kasirajan, “Calcium oxide nanoparticles synthesis from hen eggshells for removal of lead (Pb(II)) from aqueous solution,” Environ. Challenges, vol. 4, no. February, p. 100193, 2021, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envc.2021.100193.

H. Hemmami et al., “Green synthesis of CaO nanoparticles from chicken eggshells: antibacterial, antifungal, and heavy metal (Pb2+, Cr2+, Cd2+ and Hg2+) adsorption properties,” Front. Environ. Sci., vol. 12, no. September, pp. 1–17, 2024, https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2024.1450485.

K. Jaiswal, S. Dutta, C. B. Pohrmen, R. Verma, A. Kumar, and A. P. Ramaswamy, “Bio-waste chicken eggshell-derived calcium oxide for photocatalytic application in methylene blue dye degradation under natural sunlight irradiation,” Inorg. Nano-Metal Chem., vol. 51, no. 7, pp. 995–1004, 2021, https://doi.org/10.1080/24701556.2020.1813769.

R. Bharti, A. Guldhe, D. Kumar, and B. Singh, “Solar irradiation assisted synthesis of biodiesel from waste cooking oil using calcium oxide derived from chicken eggshell,” Fuel, vol. 273, no. April, p. 117778, 2020, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2020.117778.

M. Sahadat Hossain, M. A. A. Shaikh, and S. Ahmed, “Synthesis of gypsum fertilizer from waste eggshells for a sustainable environment,” Mater. Adv., pp. 240–247, 2022, https://doi.org/10.1039/d2ma00810f.

M. G. Rinaudo, S. E. Collins, and M. R. Morales, “Eggshell Waste Valorization into CaO/CaCO3 Solid Base Catalysts,” p. 36, 2024, https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024067036.

J. Zia and A. K. Shringi, “Synthesis and Characterization of Calcium Oxide Nanoparticles Derived from Egg-Shell Waste: An Efficient Microwave-Catalyst,” no. June, 2024, https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4854313.

R. S. Putra, A. Liyanita, N. Arifah, E. Puspitasari, Sawaludin, and M. N. Hizam, “Enhanced Electro-Catalytic Process on the Synthesis of FAME Using CaO from Eggshell,” Energy Procedia, vol. 105, no. May, pp. 289–296, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2017.03.316.

S. Owuamanam and D. Cree, “Progress of bio-calcium carbonate waste eggshell and seashell fillers in polymer composites: A review,” J. Compos. Sci., vol. 4, no. 2, 2020, https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs4020070.

B. W. Chong, P. Gujar, X. Shi, and P. Suraneni, “Assessment of waste eggshell powder as a limestone alternative in portland cement,” Mater. Struct. Constr., vol. 57, no. 10, pp. 1–17, 2024, https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-024-02478-9.

S. L. Hsieh et al., “CaO recovered from eggshell waste as a potential adsorbent for greenhouse gas CO2,” J. Environ. Manage., vol. 297, no. June, p. 113430, 2021, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.113430.

T. Witoon, “Characterization of calcium oxide derived from waste eggshell and its application as CO2 sorbent,” Ceram. Int., vol. 37, no. 8, pp. 3291–3298, 2011, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2011.05.125.

V. K. Yadav et al., “The processing of calcium rich agricultural and industrial waste for recovery of calcium carbonate and calcium oxide and their application for environmental cleanup: A review,” Appl. Sci., vol. 11, no. 9, 2021, https://doi.org/10.3390/app11094212.

V. Loryuenyong, S. Muenna, S. Thongkaew, W. Misamdeang, and A. Buasri, “Use of Eggshell Waste as a source of CaO in Sm3+-Doped Na2O-B2O3-CaO-SiO2 Glass Preparation,” Curr. Appl. Sci. Technol., vol. 23, no. 5, 2023, https://doi.org/10.55003/cast.2023.05.23.006.

B. Aydın, H. Ö. Toplan, and N. Toplan, “Non-Isothermal Crystallization Kinetics and Properties of CaO-Al2O3-SiO2 (CAS) Glass-Ceramics from Eggshell Waste, Zeolite, and Pumice,” Materials (Basel)., vol. 17, no. 22, 2024, https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17225630.

W. Deng et al., “Exploratory research in alternative raw material sources and reformulation for industrial soda-lime-silica glass batches,” Int. J. Appl. Glas. Sci., vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 340–356, 2020, https://doi.org/10.1111/ijag.14775.

R. G. Jalu, T. A. Chamada, and D. R. Kasirajan, “Calcium oxide nanoparticles synthesis from hen eggshells for removal of lead (Pb(II)) from aqueous solution,” Environ. Challenges, vol. 4, no. June, p. 100193, 2021, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envc.2021.100193.

A. Nawar, M. Ali, A. H. Khoja, A. Waqas, M. Anwar, and M. Mahmood, “Enhanced CO2capture using organic acid structure modified waste eggshell derived CaO sorbent,” J. Environ. Chem. Eng., vol. 9, no. 1, p. 104871, 2021, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2020.104871.

S. Widyastuti and P. Intan Ayu Kusuma, “Synthesis and characterization of CaCO3 (calcite) nano particles from cockle shells (Anadara granosa Linn) by precipitation method,” AIP Conf. Proc., vol. 1855, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4985488.

C. Diningsih and L. Rohmawati, “SYNTHESIS OF CALCIUM CARBONATE (CaCO3) FROM EGGSHELL BY CALCINATION METHOD,” Indones. Phys. Rev., vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 208–215, 2022, https://doi.org/10.29303/ipr.v5i3.174.

N. S. W. Supriyanto, Sukarni, P. Puspitasari, and A. A. Permanasari, “Synthesis and characterization of CaO/CaCO3 from quail eggshell waste by solid state reaction process,” AIP Conf. Proc., vol. 2120, no. January, 2019, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5115670.

N. Tangboriboon, R. Kunanuruksapong, A. Sirivat, R. Kunanuruksapong, and A. Sirivat, “Preparation and properties of calcium oxide from eggshells via calcination,” Mater. Sci. Pol., vol. 30, no. 4, pp. 313–322, 2012, https://doi.org/10.2478/s13536-012-0055-7.

Y. M. Alobaidi, M. M. Ali, and A. M. Mohammed, “Synthesis of Calcium Oxide Nanoparticles from Waste Eggshell by Thermal Decomposition and their Applications,” Jordan J. Biol. Sci., vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 269–274, 2022, https://doi.org/10.54319/jjbs/150215.

V. Bhuvaneshwari, S. Sonia, and D. Sivaganesh, “Harnessing the potency of eco-friendly calcium oxide derived from eggshells for enhanced photocatalytic activity and biocompatibility evaluation in HepG2 cell line,” Chem. Phys. Impact, vol. 9, p. 100699, Dec. 2024, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chphi.2024.100699.

S. Chuakham et al., “Scalable production of bio-calcium oxide via thermal decomposition of solid - hatchery waste in a laboratory-scale rotary kiln,” Sci. Rep., vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 1–15, 2025, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-84889-w.

T. A. E. Ahmed, L. Wu, M. Younes, and M. Hincke, “Biotechnological Applications of Eggshell: Recent Advances,” Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol., vol. 9, no. July, pp. 1–19, 2021, https://doi.org/10.3389/fbioe.2021.675364.

S. K. Mahmood, G. A. Sultan, S. K. Ebrahim, and A. G. M. Alhaaik, “Recycling of Chicken Egg Shells into Nanopowder: Synthesis, and its Properties,” Baghdad Sci. J., vol. 19, no. 4, pp. 759–767, 2022, https://doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2022.19.4.0759.

K. Adaikalam, S. Hussain, P. Anbu, A. Rajaram, I. Sivanesan, and H. S. Kim, “Eco-Friendly Facile Conversion of Waste Eggshells into CaO Nanoparticles for Environmental Applications,” Nanomaterials, vol. 14, no. 20, 2024, https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14201620.

K. Treviño Rodríguez et al., “Photovoltaic Glass Waste Recycling in the Development of Glass Substrates for Photovoltaic Applications,” Materials (Basel)., vol. 16, no. 7, 2023, https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16072848.

M. H. Azarian and W. Sutapun, “Biogenic calcium carbonate derived from waste shells for advanced material applications: A review,” Front. Mater., vol. 9, no. November, pp. 1–17, 2022, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmats.2022.1024977.

P. Puspitasari, D. M. Utomo, H. F. N. Zhorifah, A. A. Permanasari, and R. W. Gayatri, “Physicochemical determination of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) from chicken eggshell,” Key Eng. Mater., vol. 840 KEM, no. June, pp. 478–483, 2020, https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.840.478.

W. Ahmad, S. Sethupathi, Y. Munusamy, and R. Kanthasamy, “Valorization of raw and calcined chicken eggshell for sulfur dioxide and hydrogen sulfide removal at low temperature,” Catalysts, vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 1–20, 2021, https://doi.org/10.3390/catal11020295.

E.-G. Brettfeld et al., “The Preparation and Characterization of Different Types of Eggshells Acidified with Acetic Acid,” p. 32, 2023, https://doi.org/10.3390/chemproc2023013032.

O. M. Gomez-Vazquez, L. F. Zubieta-Otero, S. M. Londoño-Restrepo, and M. E. Rodriguez-Garcia, “Eggshells from agro-industrial waste for the recovery of lime, portlandite, and calcite nanoparticles through the lime cycle: A circular economic approach,” Sustain. Chem. Environ., vol. 5, no. October 2023, 2024, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scenv.2024.100073.

M. Lanzón, J. A. Madrid-Mendoza, D. Navarro-Moreno, and V. E. García-Vera, “Use of eggshell waste: A green and effective method for the synthesis of pure calcium hydroxide suspensions,” Constr. Build. Mater., vol. 377, no. February, 2023, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2023.131106.

A. Sabir, H. Abbas, A. Y. Amini, and S. Asmal, “Characterization of duck egg shells and bioceramic materials in making denture applications,” IOP Conf. Ser. Mater. Sci. Eng., vol. 1088, no. 1, p. 012116, 2021, https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1088/1/012116.

T. Carlier, R. Podor, S. Saitzek, L. Montagne, P. Roussel, and F. O. Méar, “Crystallization mechanism of BaO-CaO-Al2O3-SiO2 (BCAS) glass thin-films,” J. Non. Cryst. Solids, vol. 551, no. August 2020, p. 120406, 2021, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnoncrysol.2020.120406.

F. R. Mariosi et al., “Eggshells as agro-industrial waste substitute for CaCO3 in glass foams: A study on obtaining lower thermal conductivity,” Int. J. Appl. Ceram. Technol., vol. 18, no. 3, pp. 838–849, 2021, https://doi.org/10.1111/ijac.13690.

Synthesis, Compositional, Morphological, Structural, and Thermal Properties of Eggshell Calcium Oxide for Solar Photovoltaic Glass

Authors

Keywords:

Abstract

REFERENCES

Published

How to Cite

Issue

Section

How to Cite

Similar Articles

Latest publications

Make a Submission

Language